Monday, May 25, 2020

Who Invented Vacuum Cleaners

By definition, a vacuum cleaner (also called a vacuum or hoover or a sweeper) is a device that uses an air pump to create a partial vacuum to suck up dust and dirt, usually from floors. That said, the first attempts to provide a mechanical solution to floor cleaning began in England in 1599. Before vacuum cleaners, rugs were cleaned by hanging them over a wall or line and hitting them repeatedly with a carpet beater to pound out as much dirt as possible. On June 8, 1869,  Chicago inventor  Ives McGaffey patented a sweeping machine. While this was the first patent for a device that cleaned rugs, it was not a motorized vacuum cleaner. McGaffey called his machine — a wood and canvas contraption —  the Whirlwind. Today it  is known as the first hand-pumped vacuum cleaner in the United States. John Thurman John Thurman invented a gasoline-powered vacuum cleaner in 1899 and some historians consider it the first motorized vacuum cleaner. Thurmans machine was patented on October 3, 1899 (patent #634,042). Soon after, he started a horse-drawn vacuum system with door to door service in St Louis. His vacuuming services were priced at $4 per visit in 1903. Hubert Cecil Booth British engineer Hubert Cecil Booth patented a motorized vacuum cleaner on August 30, 1901. Booths machine took the form of a large, horse-drawn, petrol-driven unit, which was parked outside the building to be cleaned with long hoses being fed through the windows. Booth first demonstrated his vacuuming device in a restaurant that same year and showed how well it can suck dirt. More Americans inventors  would later introduce variations of the same cleaning-by-suction type contraptions. For example, Corinne Dufour invented a device that sucked dust into a wet sponge and David Kenney designed a huge machine that was installed in a cellar and connected to a network of pipes leading to each room of a house. Of course, these early versions of vacuum cleaners were bulky, noisy, smelly and commercially unsuccessful. James Spangler In 1907,  James Spangler, a janitor in a Canton, Ohio department store, deduced that the carpet sweeper he was using was the source of his chronic coughing. So Spangler tinkered with an old fan motor and attached it to a soap box stapled to a broom handle. Adding in a pillowcase as a dust collector, Spangler invented a new portable and electric vacuum cleaner. He then improved his basic model, the first to use both a cloth filter bag and cleaning attachments. He received a patent in 1908. Hoover Vacuum Cleaners Spangler soon formed the Electric Suction Sweeper Company. One of his first buyers was his cousin, whose husband William Hoover became the founder and president of the Hoover Company, a vacuum cleaner manufacturer. James Spangler eventually sold his patent rights to  William Hoover and continued to design for the company. Hoover went on to finance additional improvements to Spanglers vacuum cleaner. The finished Hoover design resembled a bagpipe attached to a cake box, but it worked. The company produced the first commercial bag-on-a-stick upright vacuum cleaner. And while initial sales were sluggish, they were given a kick by Hoovers innovative 10-day, free home trial. Eventually, there was a Hoover vacuum cleaner in nearly every home. By 1919, Hoover cleaners were widely manufactured complete with the beater bar to establish the time-honored slogan: It beats as it sweeps as it cleans. Filter Bags The Air-way Sanitizor Company, which began in Toledo, Ohio in 1920, introduced a new product called the filter fiber disposable bag,  the first disposable paper dust bag for vacuum cleaners. Air-Way also created the first 2-motor upright vacuum as well as the first power nozzle vacuum cleaner. Air-Way was the first to use a seal on the dirt bag and first to use a HEPA filter on a vacuum cleaner, according to the companys website.   Dyson Vacuum Cleaners Inventor  James Dyson invented the G-force Vacuum cleaner in 1983. It was the first bagless dual cyclone machine. After failing to sell his invention to manufacturers, Dyson created his own company and began marketing the  Dyson Dual Cyclone, which quickly became the  fastest-selling vacuum cleaner ever made in the UK.

Thursday, May 14, 2020

Essay on Eva Luna and A Dolls House The Nature Of Power

Discuss the nature of power explored in the texts, Eva Luna, and A Doll’s House In the two texts Eva Luna, and A Doll’s House, by Isabel Allende and Henrik Ibsen respectively, there are various people who have power over others. However this power comes in a number of forms, different characters use it for different purposes, and the ways the characters achieve it also differs. These different natures of power allow some people to succeed where others fail, and it is those who succeed that, in the end, have the true power. In the novel Eva Luna, there are various people who are in positions of power. The one who is the most obvious to the reader is the General; a dictator. He has the power to control and manipulate others to do as†¦show more content†¦For Elvira, it is almost that she can’t cope without one of Eva’s stories to get her through the day. And when they were separated, and she would visit Eva, she would ask Eva for ‘a long story to last till the next visit.’ (Allende, 96) The imagination is a powerful thing, and Eva is able to communicate directly with people’s imaginations. It is this ability to cope in, and move beyond oppressive situations that made her life such a success, and her ambitions more achievable. Eva was able to put up with a lot in her time as a servant. She had the self-power to tolerate much harshness from her employers, but when she was unhappy, she did not contain this unhappiness inside her, and let it destroy her emotionally, as perhaps weaker characters might, she let her mind be known, and this is nowhere more obvious, then when she left her job working for the minister: ‘With absolute aplomb, as if it were something I did every day, I lifted the receptacle high and emptied it over the head of the Minister of State – with a single motion of the wrist liberating myself from humiliation. For an eternal second the Minister sat motionless, eyes bulging.’ (Allende, 101) In the play A Doll’s House, both Nora and Torvald have power over each other. However, they are very different types of power. The power of Torvald over Nora is more obvious because it is economic, physical,

Wednesday, May 6, 2020

Sql Vs. Relational Databases - 956 Words

To SQL or Not to SQL Relational databases play a major role in making many apps and programs work. They provide an easy way to store large amounts of data in a consistent, non duplicating, and maintainable way to be used by developers for analytical or software use (Advantages of a relational database, n.d.). However, more and more applications and companies with a tremendous amount of data such as search engines, social networks, and e-commerce sites have been requiring a level of speed and scalability that relational databases can not provide (Why NoSQL?, n.d.). NoSQL is a name given to a quickly growing type of database known as non-relational databases, which are being used to store and manage huge amounts of structured, semi-structured, and non-structured data known as Big Data (Why NoSQL? n.d.). With the advent of social networks and apps with millions of users, the rate of growth of non-structured and semi-structured data is exponential, and the value in being able to quickly traverse it, analyze it, and use it for development is also growing quickly (McGuire, Manyika, Chui, 2012). Fundamentally, relational and non relational databases are very different. Relational databases generally follow the ACID transaction principles, while non-relational databases generally follow BASIC principles (Sasaki, 2015). ACID stands for atomic, consistent, isolated, durable; and prioritizes data consistency, stability, and accuracy over speed and scalability (Sasaki,Show MoreRelatedSql Vs. Oracle Server1285 Words   |  6 Pages SQL vs. Oracle Server Dheeraj Balamoori Wilmington University â€Æ' Abstract Databases are most paramount part in today s organizations. 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Tuesday, May 5, 2020

Reduced Self-Efficacy Smartphone Addiction - MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Reduced Self-Efficacy Smartphone Addiction. Answer: Introduction: Efficacy of an individual alone is not enough to complete a task accurately, confidence on selfs ability is also an important factor. The confidence in ones ability was defined as self-efficacy by Psychologist Albert Bandura (Mauer, Neergaard Linstad, 2017). This article discusses self-efficacy, factors influencing it and its importance in different sectors. The article also provides references to different scholarly articles to get an idea of the researches that had been done in the past on self-efficacy. The article had been concluded with some recommendations to improve self-efficacy and authors opinion over the introduction of the self-efficacy in the school curriculum. Self-efficacy is ones own perception of their capabilities over performing a specific task. It does not refer to ones capability of doing a task but rather concerns over their own perception about doing a particular task. Clear conception about self-efficacy can be derived from the idea that an individuals belief over performing an internet related task is internet self-efficacy. The higher the individual belief in ones ability to perform the internet related task, higher their internet self-efficacy level is and the level does not concern over if they can use the internet or not. Self-efficacy is important to bring accuracy to an individuals skill set. It also motivates the observer to attain a higher level of self-efficacy and hence leading to a more productive workplace. Self-efficacy differs from efficacy as the former depends upon the perception of ability to complete the assigned task while the latter concerns over the ability to do the task. Past performance, experience as a spectator, persuasion and some physiological cues are the factors to affect the self-efficacy level in an individual. If an individual has a good experience with a particular task in the past, then her/his self-efficacy level is high but the result will be just opposite in case of bad experiences. Experience as a spectator also influences the self-efficacy level. On noticing someone equivalent to self (or assuming to have same efficacy level) perform a task, one can also gain self-efficacy. When persuaded (verbally or non-verbally) one can also attain higher self-efficacy levels. Though this factor contributes only for a shorter period of time it is an effective factor. Physiological cues like sweating and dry mouth before initiating a task can lead to a decrement in self-eff icacy while a relaxed attitude can lead to exponential increase in the self-efficacy level. Literature Review: A number of different researches and studies have been conducted on self-efficacy and its role in different sectors. In this section, four papers on self-efficacy and Information Technology have been discussed to get a broader image of self-efficacy and its importance. The selected articles have their focus on the necessity of self-efficacy for employees, materialistic people and the students. The articles have been discussed to put forth their research methodology, motivation for the research and the outputs from the research. The models and the tools equipped in conducting the research are also mentioned to get a clear idea about the reliability and dependability of the articles. Relation between self-efficacy and e-learning acceptance: Hsia, Chang Tseng (2014) in their article have tried to deduce a relationship between computer self-efficacy, control locus and employee of a high tech firms capability in acceptance of e-learning. The authors were inspired by the global adaptation of e-learning by high-tech firms for employee training to pursue a research on the same. The authors designed a questionnaire and distributed it among the selected technological firms of Taiwan. The selected firms have adopted e-learning for employee training. The collected data was later analysed SEM (Structural Equalling Model) and CFA (Confirmatory Factor Analysis). The paper has used LISREL 8.54 to analysis the hypothesized relation. The results of the research showed a direct influence of self-efficacy over the e-learning acceptance. The paper also made some recommendations like for the proper implementation of e-learning depending on employees locus of belief and control. Increase in learning efficacy to stay in the competitive mark et was also recommended by the authors. To conclude the paper, the authors pointed out the importance of computer self-efficacy for e-learning. Students self-efficacy of ICT use: This article by Bazer, Pardillo Ruales (2012) discusses the perception of students toward ICTs (Information and Communication Technology) use. The authors were inspired to research on the topic due to the exponential growth of ICTs application and the inclination of the youth especially youth towards it. The papers subject were the final year students of Bachelor of Elementary Education (BEEd) (majoring in English) of Midano State University. The authors adapted descriptive correlational design model for data collection and analyses. Statistical tools like PPMCC (Percentage, Mean, Pearson, Product Moment Coefficient of Correlation) and Likert scale were adopted for analysis of the collected data. The results suggested that the more an individual is interested in ICT, the more individuals self-efficacy increases. The perception of the individual towards the ICT was also considered as a factor influencing self-efficacy level. Self-efficacy leading to smartphone addiction: The article taken in consideration aims at emphasizing whether smartphones are the reason for low self-efficacy or not and vice versa (Lee et al., 2016). The authors in the paper have limited their targeted audience to materialistic people (People who prefer material things over abstracts like love, spiritual, cultural or intellectual values) only. In the article, the authors have put forth the hypothesis, Self-efficacy mediates the positive relationship between materialism and smartphone addiction.. To prove the hypothesized point, the authors tested empirical data that were collected from the two largest smartphone markets of the world namely, the Peoples republic of China and the United States of America. CFA was employed to verify the fact that psychometric properties requirement was met by the subject themes of the paper. Other statistical tools were also adopted for the evaluation of the obtained data. The paper was concluded by proving the hypothesized statement to be true. Th e study also helps in validating the findings, Materialism is a strong predictor of technological addiction. By (Roberts Pirog, 2012). Self-efficacy in CIL: Rohtagi, Schere Hatlevik (2016) in their paper The role of ICT self-efficacy for students' ICT use and their achievement in a computer and information literacy test have tried to evaluate the role that self-efficacy plays for students in ICT use. The authors in the paper have submitted evidence in support for the positive relation between the self-efficacy and ICTs use in literacy of computer and information literacy (CIL). The authors have adopted Response Theory to prove their hypothesis by use of theoretical framework from the past and their own. The authors have concluded the paper on a confusing conclusion. They have supported their hypothesized statement but have also declared that they were unable to determine any positive relation between self-efficacy and ICT use. The papers conclusion has left scope for further research, to determine a relationship between students self-efficacy and use of ICT. In conclusion, to the discussions made above, it can be stated that self-efficacy is a quality that should be at a high level for everyone. It amplifies the productivity of a skilled person and helps in attaining high skill level for an untrained or less skilled individual. A change of perception towards self can be obtained by adopting different methods. The report also took into consideration of some of the scholarly articles that discuss self-efficacy and its implications in different sectors. Some of the articles in the paper have also put forth the importance of self-efficacy for the students. Those articles can be taken into evidence and can be emphasized to recommend that self-efficacy should be introduced in the school curriculum. The reason for the recommendation would be that introduction to self-efficacy at a young age will lead to the development of higher level of self-efficacy in an individual. Hence, self-efficacy should be a topic that must be explicitly taught in sch ools. Self-efficacy is a trait that everyone must possess before they decide to initiate any work. It acts as a catalyst that leads to accuracy in the work performance and personal satisfaction. There was an instance when I participated in a bicycle race and I was also skilled at it. I participated in the race and I was leading throughout the race but as the race progressed I started to lack behind. The elevation of the road had a toll on my self-confidence as I was not sure that I can ride my bicycle to the finish line. My perception of my incapability lead me to lose the race which I completed. The next time I participated in the same race I came second because of my change in perception towards my skills. Scholars have recommended setting up of goals to achieve high self-efficacy and that would be the first step I would take to increase my self-efficacy. I will assign myself simple targets so that with each achievement my self-efficacy will keep increasing. To boost my self-efficacy for an immediate task, I will talk with the person who can motivate me and build up my confidence before the initiation of task. I will also try to keep my anxiety level in check, so that my self-efficacy level remains unchanged during the time of pressure. I think persuading the following methods will keep my self-efficacy in check and with time it will grow as well. References: Bazer, S. C., Pardillo, G. F., Ruales, S. T. P. (2012). Status of Students Perceptions and Self-efficacy on the Use of ICT. InInternational Conference on Education and Management Innovation(pp. 145-149). Hsia, J. W., Chang, C. C., Tseng, A. H. (2014). Effects of individuals' locus of control and computer self-efficacy on their e-learning acceptance in high-tech companies.Behaviour Information Technology,33(1), 51-64. Lee, Y. K., Chang, C. T., Cheng, Z. H., Lin, Y. (2016). How Social Anxiety and Reduced Self-Efficacy Induce Smartphone Addiction in Materialistic People.Social Science Computer Review, 0894439316685540. Mauer, R., Neergaard, H., Linstad, A. K. (2017). Self-efficacy: Conditioning the entrepreneurial mindset. InRevisiting the Entrepreneurial Mind(pp. 293-317). Springer, Cham. Roberts, J. A., Pirog III, S. F. (2012). A preliminary investigation of materialism and impulsiveness as predictors of technological addictions among young adults.Journal of Behavioral Addictions,2(1), 56-62. Rohatgi, A., Scherer, R., Hatlevik, O. E. (2016). The role of ICT self-efficacy for students' ICT use and their achievement in a computer and information literacy test.Computers Education,102, 103-116.